Non-Toxic Activewear Guide: Indications of PFAS “Forever Chemicals” in Workout Leggings & Yoga Pants

Are you looking for non-toxic activewear like workout leggings & yoga pants? Whether you wear your activewear for leisure or for activity at the gym, we aren’t judging. But what we ARE judging is the 32 workout legging and yoga pant brands that we sent to an EPA-certified laboratory to test for indications of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a toxic class of chemicals linked to a number of serious health conditions.

Mamavation ranked 32 pairs of activewear including workout leggings and yoga pants based on indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” and we are naming names in this report including what we discovered from brands like more casual LulaRoe, Athleta, & Lululemon. You’ve trusted Mamavation to bring you topics like best green beauty makeup brands sans PFAS, best cookware sans PFAS, and best organic mattresses sans PFAS, now join us for our consumer study on women’s activewear including workout leggings and yoga pants. Continue reading below to the very end for the raw data from all the brands we tested.

Disclosure: This content of this post was reviewed by Pete Myers, Chief Scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, and Co-Author of Our Stolen Future & Scott Belcher, Research Scientist with the Center for Environmental & Health Effects of PFAS at North Carolina State University. The content was also medically reviewed by Sondra Strand, RN, BSN, PHN. Donations were provided by Environmental Health News and Mamavation community members. Mamavation has only “spot-checked” the industry and thus we cannot make predictions about brands and products that we have not tested. Products and manufacturing aides can change without notice so buyer beware. This post contains affiliate links, with some to Amazon, which means Mamavation will receive a portion of those sales and we will use that to pay ourselves back for the testing. You can also give a tax-deductible donation to our consumer studies here through Environmental Health Sciences. Click “yes” when asked if the gift is in honor of someone and type “Mamavation.” Thank you!  

Toxic PFAS “Forever Chemicals” Inside Activewear Apparel

The athletic apparel industry has been relying on PFAS and other types of toxic chemicals for decades to bring sweat wicking, stain resistance, water resistance, quick-drying fabric, and other types of nonstick qualities to textiles used for high-performance clothing. Whether you purchase high-rise leggings made of polyester, nylon, and spandex or high waist yoga pants made from cotton or water bottles, workout clothes have changed over the years. Today your workout clothes made from your favorite activewear brand can be treated with a concoction of undisclosed chemicals we know very little about from sizes xxs to xxl and beyond.

Your lightweight pair of leggings with a snug waistband & tight seams around your thighs help you get the best workout in cold weather, hiking in the mountains, wearing bike shorts on your favorite route, spinning in spin class, stretching in yoga class, working hard with your personal trainer, or playing tennis. But even if you are just lounging in the comfort of your own home, what you surround your skin with matters. The problem is we do not know how problematic dermal exposure to PFAS is. 

“While we know that PFAS can be absorbed through the skin we don’t have much information about how much would be transferred from activewear products. It’s unlikely to be 0, ” says Pete Myers, Chief Scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, and Co-Author of Our Stolen Future.

The other problem in activewear apparel is we have no idea what activewear brands are exposing us to PFAS “forever chemicals” so this is the challenge Mamavation has decided to take on.

We may not be able to tell you HOW bad this exposure is, but at least we can help you get a better idea of where it’s coming from.

Main Findings of Mamavation’s Consumer Study On Activewear & PFAS “Forever Chemicals”

Mamavation sent 32 pairs of activewear, mostly workout leggings and yoga pants, to an EPA-certified lab to test for organic fluorine, which is an indicator of PFAS. These products were purchased between June and November from Amazon.com, Nordstrom, Target.com, and several other websites. Products were photographed and not taken out of their original packaging and then were sent to a third-party EPA-certified laboratory. Each pair of activewear was tested for organic fluorine in the crotch area. The laboratory results are summarized below:

• The crotch area is the most common area to find detectable organic fluorine, which is a marker for PFAS, including inside the crotch of LulaRoe leggings, which we found at 284 parts per million (ppm)!
• 25% of the workout leggings, yoga pants, & leisure leggings we sent to the lab came back with detectable levels of organic fluorine, and here’s the good news– 75% of the pairs we tested did not contain any detectable levels.
• Detectable levels we found ranged from 10 parts per million (ppm) all the way to 284 parts per million (ppm) organic fluorine.
• Because most brands are able to produce leggings without the use of PFAS, this tells us it’s not essential as a chemical treatment in women’s leggings and should be immediately phased out. 

To see the final results of each brand, scroll down to the very bottom where we share the lab results of each brand tested.

PFAS “Forever Chemicals” Are Linked to Terrible Health Outcomes

PFAS chemicals are linked to several health problems ranging in seriousness. Here is the list of health problems (PFAS) perfluorinated chemicals are linked to from over decades of research:

• reduction in immunity
• metabolic diseases like obesity & diabetes
• reduced vaccination response
• cardiovascular disease
• affect the growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children
• increased risk of allergies & asthma in young children
• lower a woman’s chance of getting pregnant
• increase the chances of miscarriage
• increase cholesterol levels
• low sperm count
• smaller penis size
• increase the risk of kidney & testicular cancers

If you feel like you’ve been exposed to PFAS, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, a division of Community Health Investigations has created this fact sheet to use when talking to your doctor. While regulating authorities struggle to catch up, it would be wise to limit your daily exposure to PFAS within consumer products.

What to Look for When Purchasing Non-toxic Activewear and Want to Avoid PFAS “Forever Chemicals”

Now that we know 25% of the activewear Mamavation tested came back from the lab with indications of PFAS, what do we do when purchasing high-quality activewear & athleisure loungewear? Your activewear is your most important workout gear out of all your accessories. Here’s our best advice for purchasing the best workout leggings and yoga pants in the future.

• Workout Leggings: Most of the workout leggings for high impact were made of synthetic materials like polyester, spandex, and nylon, which are based on petrochemicals. So you’ll have to pay close attention to the report findings here because not all pants made from synthetic materials had an indication of PFAS. However, if you are looking for low impact, sticking to natural materials like cotton greatly improves your chances of avoiding PFAS. The best workout leggings are going to offer you a sense of comfort and ease, versatility & durability when changing from one activity to another while using the least amount of toxic materials and treatments possible. Bonus points if you have some type of hidden pocket where you can stash your mobile phone.
• Yoga Pants & Leisure Leggings: If you are looking for the best yoga pants or leisure leggings, there are more safe options. Whether it’s your best yoga leggings to do your hot yoga or a simple yoga session in your favorite studio or at home, your pair of yoga pants will be hugging your body. The best piece of advice is to scrutinize synthetic materials made from petrochemicals that are “buttery soft.” LulaRoe, which is a brand known for being “buttery soft” had results as high as 284 parts per million (ppm) in the crotch area. Best to stick with natural fabrics like cotton if you are purchasing for low impact.

Regulation & Movements to Protect Your Family from Exposure to PFAS Through Clothing

Are there any laws protecting your family from PFAS in clothing? Not really. Many toxic chemicals can find their way into your clothing without a label. Here is some of the good news and bad news about the movement to ban PFAS in apparel:

• Globalization Safety Nightmares: Even though some chemicals, like formaldehyde which is linked to cancer, are regulated, most brands are manufacturing clothing overseas where those regulations are mostly non-existent or far behind the United States or European Union.
• California’s Prop. 65 List Doesn’t Cover Clothing Treatments: Some states like California go further in restricting chemical usage through Prop. 65, but in that case, they only need to notify you the chemical is there. However, most PFAS chemicals used on clothing are not part of the restricted list yet. Older legacy chemicals like PFOA & PFOS are on the Prop. 65 list. Therefore, other states may need to take the lead here.
• Priorities on PFAS are Elsewhere: Other state governments are taking legislative and regulatory actions to phase out PFAS, but most of the focus right now is on drinking water, groundwater cleanup in areas by military bases, food packaging, cookware, carpets & rugs, upholstery, and personal care products like makeup. States like California and New York are looking into regulating textiles, but no legislation has been passed yet. Maine signed a law banning all PFAS compounds, but the law doesn’t go into effect until 2030, so it’s not impacting the textile industry yet.
• NGO Movements: There is some movement with organizations like Toxic-Free Future and its Mind the Store Campaign who are pressuring outdoor apparel companies like REI to stop using PFAS in their clothing and gear. (Click here to sign the petition). The Mind the Store Campaign works with major retailers to reduce and eliminate dangerous chemicals while also producing an annual retail report card to help us understand which retailers are working to protect our families. One retailer that has improved a great deal over the years is Target and it’s evident by their non-detect laboratory results in this report.

Sources of PFAS Contamination in Activewear From Experts

There are several ways that PFAS can get into your workout leggings and yoga pants. Here are some potential issues we found from interviews with experts that may cover what we are seeing in the laboratory results.

Treatments for Stain or Water Resistance

The first way that PFAS can find its way onto your activewear is on purpose as treatments by the manufacturer.  These treatments are very rarely disclosed on the label, but they serve the following functions:

• stain resistance
• water resistance
• moisture-wicking
• sweat-wicking

Activewear that was tested by our laboratory found detectable levels of organic fluorine mostly around or inside the crotch area making it look like an intentional treatment of some kind on the fabric.  This was something we also ran across when we tested the most popular period underwear products for indications of PFAS as well.

Sprays & Lubrication on Equipment

Sometimes manufacturing equipment requires the use of lubrication to keep it running smoothly. Trace amounts of those lubrications can come off the machine and onto the fabric. In addition, sometimes equipment is sprayed with chemicals to keep things from sticking to machinery. This is also another way that trace amounts of PFAS can get on a piece of clothing.  It’s also possible that manufacturing equipment could be covered in a PFAS “non-stick” chemical OR utilize fiberglass that has been treated with a PFAS chemical.

Clean-Out Chemicals

The manufacturing equipment and storage equipment must be cleaned out in between uses to prevent the spread of bacteria and cross-contamination. Some cleaners used by manufacturing plants are made with fluorinated ingredients and their trace amounts can get into your product if they are not rinsed off properly.

Mamavation’s Consumer Study on Women’s Activewear & Indications of PFAS Details

Mamavation will first explain how we structured our study then will present the findings. Each pair of activewear was tested for organic fluorine, which is an indicator of PFAS, in the crotch area. Organic fluorine testing is a useful test when looking for PFAS. There is no standardized testing for PFAS in textiles, so there are many ways to do it. Looking for the presence of organic fluoine is more useful in identifing if any PFAS compound is present. When using testing to identify and isolate PFAS compounds, the testing is more restricted. Only 150 of these PFAS compounds can be identified in an University lab leaving over 9,000 unidentifiable. Therefore, looking for organic fluorine allows us to look at the bigger picture and will inform our audience better.

To determine what activewear to test, we used information gathered from the Mamavation community when we asked what brands they were wearing. The products were purchased from Amazon.com, Target, Nordstrom, or directly from their own websites between June and December 2021. They were sent to a third-party laboratory unopened in their original packaging after pictures were taken.

Each pair of activewear was tested at least once for total fluorine. If fluorine was detected, we ran an additional test that determines organic fluorine. The lab method commissioned by Mamavation was ion-selective electrode & oxygen flask combustion. The limit of detection level was 10 parts per million (ppm). In other words, some Activewear products that tested 0 may have had levels beneath 10 parts per million.  Our tests weren’t sensitive enough to detect lower than 10 ppm.

[Update: Additional products have been added to this consumer study since original publish date.]

To help our community make safer choices, Mamavation sent a wide range of popular activewear brands—specifically workout leggings and yoga pants—to our EPA-certified laboratory for fluorine testing, an indicator of PFAS “forever chemicals.” Updated and historical test results were also included to give consumers a clearer understanding of PFAS contamination trends across the activewear category. All products were evaluated using a 10 parts per million (ppm) detection limit.

Below is the complete list of activewear brands included in our investigation.

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Activewear Brands Tested by Mamavation

• Athleta

• Boody

• Gaiam

• Knix

• Lululemon

• LulaRoe

• Old Navy

• OYA Femtech Apparel

• Vuori

• Yogalicious

• 90 Degrees by Reflex

• All in Motion (Target Brand)

• Alo

• Blanqi

• CALIA by Carrie Underwood

• Fabletics

• GapFit

• Girlfriend Collective

• LIVI

• LL Bean

• Lorna Jane

• Marika

• Mizuno

• Nike

• No Bull

• Reebok

• Spanx

• Sweaty Betty

• Under Armour

• YPB

• Zella

• Zyia Active

• Groceries Apparel

• Maggie’s Organics

• Mate the Label

• Pact Organic

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